1. What are different types of end users?
Ans: Friends
1. Casual end-users
2. Naive or parametric end users
3. Sophisticated end users
4. Standalone users.

2. What do you mean by the job of DBA?
Ans: Friends a database administrator is a person or a group responsible for authorizing access to the
database, for coordinating and monitoring its use, and for acquiring software and hardware resources as needed.

3. Who are db designer?
Ans: Friends Data base designers are responsible for identifying the data to be stored in the database and for
choosing appropriate structure to represent and store this data.

4. What do you mean by a Database?
Ans: Friends database is basically a process of collecting the related data. A database is a logically coherent
process of collecting the data with some inherent meaning.

5. What are the advantages of using a Database Management system?
Ans: Friends
1. Controlling redundancy.
2. Restricting unauthorized access.
3. Providing persistent storage for program objects and data structures.
4. Permitting inferencing and actions using rules.
5. Providing multi-user interfaces.
6. Representing complex relationships among data.
7. Enforcing integrity constraints.
8. Providing backups and recovery.

6. What are the disadvantages of using a Database Management system?
Ans: Friends
1. High initial investments in hardware, software, and training.
2. Generality that a DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM provides for defining and processing data.
3. Overhead for providing security, concurrency control, recovery, and integrity functions.

7. What do you mean by a data model?
Ans: Friends it is basically a concept that can be used to describe the structure of a database. It provides necessary means to achieve this abstraction. By structure of a database we mean the data types, relations, and constraints that should hold on the data.

8. What do you mean by a Catalog?
Ans: Friends  A catalog is a table that contain the information such as structure of each file ,
the type and storage format of each data item and various constraints on the data .
The information stored in the catalog is called Metadata. Whenever a request is
made to access a particular data, the DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM software refers to the catalog to determine
the structure of the file.

9. What are different categories of data models?
Ans: Friends
1. High-level or conceptual data models.
2. Representational data models.
3. Low-level or physical data models.
High level data models provide the concepts that are close to the way many users perceive data.
Representational data models are provide concepts that provide the concepts that may be understood by end users but that are not too far removed from organization of data in the database.
Physical data models describe the details of how data is stored in the computers.

10. What do you mean by program-data independence?
Ans: Friends Unlike in the traditional file sys. The structure of the data files is stored in the
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM catalog separately from the access programs. This property is called
program-data independence. i.e. We needn't to change the code of the DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM  if the structure of the data is changed .Which is not supported by traditional file sys.