41. What are different types of relational constraints?
Ans: Friends
1. Domain constraints
2. Key constraints
3. Entity integrity constraints
4. Referential integrity constraints
Domain constraints specify that the value of each attribute must be an atomic value from the domain of the attributes.
Key constraints tell that no two tuples can have the same combination of values for all their attributes.
Entity integrity constraint states that no primary key value can be null.
Referential integrity constraints states that a tuple in one relation that refers to another relation must refer to an existing tuple in that relation it is specified between two relations and is used to maintain the consistency among tuples of the two relations.
42. What do you mean by difference between a super key, a key, a candidate key and a primary key?
Ans: Friends a super key specifies a uniqueness constrain that no two distinct tuples in a state
can have the same value for the super key. Every relation has at least one default super key.
A key is a minimal super key or the subset of the super key which is obtained after
removing redundancy. A relation schema may have more than one key .In this case
each key is called a candidate key. One of the candidate key with minimum number
of attributes is chosen as primary key.
43. What do you mean by a foreign key?
Ans: Friends A key of a relation schema is called as a foreign key if it is the primary key of
some other relation to which it is related to.
44. What do you mean by a transaction?
Ans: Friends A transaction is a logical unit of database processing that includes one or more
database access operations.
45. What are the properties of transaction?
Ans: Friends
1. Atomicity
2. Consistency preservation
3. Isolation
4. Durability (permanence)
46. What are the basic data base operations?
Ans: Friends
1. Write_item(x)
2. Read_item(x)
47. What are the disadvantages of not controlling concurrency?
Ans: Friends
1. Lost update problem
2. Temporary update (Dirty read) problem
3. Incorrect summary problem
48. What are serial, non-serial?
Ans: Friends A schedule S is serial if, for every transaction T participating in the schedule, all the operations of T is executed consecutively in the schedule, otherwise, the schedule is called non-serial schedule.
49. What are conflict serializable schedules?
Ans: Friends A schedule S of n transactions is serializable if it is equivalent to some serial schedule of the same n transactions.
50. What do you mean by result equivalent?
Ans: Friends Two schedules are called result equivalent if they produce the same final state of the data base.
Ans: Friends
1. Domain constraints
2. Key constraints
3. Entity integrity constraints
4. Referential integrity constraints
Domain constraints specify that the value of each attribute must be an atomic value from the domain of the attributes.
Key constraints tell that no two tuples can have the same combination of values for all their attributes.
Entity integrity constraint states that no primary key value can be null.
Referential integrity constraints states that a tuple in one relation that refers to another relation must refer to an existing tuple in that relation it is specified between two relations and is used to maintain the consistency among tuples of the two relations.
42. What do you mean by difference between a super key, a key, a candidate key and a primary key?
Ans: Friends a super key specifies a uniqueness constrain that no two distinct tuples in a state
can have the same value for the super key. Every relation has at least one default super key.
A key is a minimal super key or the subset of the super key which is obtained after
removing redundancy. A relation schema may have more than one key .In this case
each key is called a candidate key. One of the candidate key with minimum number
of attributes is chosen as primary key.
43. What do you mean by a foreign key?
Ans: Friends A key of a relation schema is called as a foreign key if it is the primary key of
some other relation to which it is related to.
44. What do you mean by a transaction?
Ans: Friends A transaction is a logical unit of database processing that includes one or more
database access operations.
45. What are the properties of transaction?
Ans: Friends
1. Atomicity
2. Consistency preservation
3. Isolation
4. Durability (permanence)
46. What are the basic data base operations?
Ans: Friends
1. Write_item(x)
2. Read_item(x)
47. What are the disadvantages of not controlling concurrency?
Ans: Friends
1. Lost update problem
2. Temporary update (Dirty read) problem
3. Incorrect summary problem
48. What are serial, non-serial?
Ans: Friends A schedule S is serial if, for every transaction T participating in the schedule, all the operations of T is executed consecutively in the schedule, otherwise, the schedule is called non-serial schedule.
49. What are conflict serializable schedules?
Ans: Friends A schedule S of n transactions is serializable if it is equivalent to some serial schedule of the same n transactions.
50. What do you mean by result equivalent?
Ans: Friends Two schedules are called result equivalent if they produce the same final state of the data base.
